Description
Latin name
Enalapril.
Release form
Tablets.
Pharmacological action
Farmgroup: ACE inhibitor.
Pharmaceutical action: ACE inhibitor is a hypotensive drug, the mechanism of action is associated with a decrease in the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, a decrease in the concentration of which leads to a direct decrease in the secretion of aldosterone. At the same time, OPSS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, post- and preload on the myocardium are reduced. Expands arteries to a greater extent than veins, while a reflex increase in heart rate is not observed. Reduces the degradation of bradykinin, increases the synthesis of Pg. The antihypertensive effect is more pronounced with a high concentration of renin in plasma than with normal or reduced.
A decrease in blood pressure within the therapeutic range does not affect cerebral circulation, blood flow in the vessels of the brain is maintained at a sufficient level and against a background of decreased blood pressure. Enhances coronary and renal blood flow. With prolonged use, hypertrophy of the LV of the myocardium and myofibril of the walls of the arteries of the resistive type decreases, prevents the progression of heart failure and slows the development of LV dilatation. Improves blood supply to the ischemic myocardium.
Reduces platelet aggregation. It lengthens life expectancy in patients with heart failure, slows down the progression of LV dysfunction in patients after myocardial infarction, without clinical manifestations of heart failure.
Has some diuretic effect. Reduces intracranial hypertension, slowing the development of glomerulosclerosis and the risk of chronic renal failure.
Enalapril is a prodrug: as a result of its hydrolysis, enalaprilat is formed, which inhibits ACE.
The time of onset of the hypotensive effect when taken orally is 1 hour, it reaches a maximum after 4-6 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. Some patients require therapy for several weeks to achieve the optimal level of blood pressure. With CHF, a noticeable clinical effect is observed with prolonged treatment – 6 months or more.
Pharmacokinetics: After oral administration, absorption is 60%. Eating does not affect absorption. It is metabolized in the liver to form the active metabolite of enalaprilat, which is a more effective ACE inhibitor than enalapril. Communication with plasma proteins of enalaprilat – 50-60%. TCmax of enalapril – 1 hour, enalaprilat – 3-4 hours. Enalaprilat easily passes through histohematological barriers, excluding the BBB, a small amount penetrates the placenta and into breast milk.
T1 / 2 enalaprilat – 11 hours. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys – 60% (20% – as enalapril and 40% – as enalaprilat), through the intestines – 33% (6% – as enalapril and 27% – as enalaprilat )
Removed during hemodialysis (rate 62 ml / min) and peritoneal dialysis.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to enalapril or other ACE inhibitors
Pregnancy, lactation.
With caution:
History of angioedema in the presence of ACE inhibitor therapy, hereditary or idiopathic angioedema
Aortic stenosis
Cerebrovascular disease (including cerebrovascular insufficiency), sardlkr including hard currency, scleroderma)
Inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperkalemia
Bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries
Stenosis of the artery of the only kidney
Condition after kidney transplantation
Renal and / or sr diarrhea, vomiting),
Old age, age up to 18 years (safety and efficacy have not been studied).
Special instructions
Caution must be exercised when administering to patients with reduced BCC (as a result of diuretic therapy, while limiting salt intake, hemodialysis, diarrhea and vomiting) – the risk of a sudden and pronounced decrease in blood pressure after applying even an initial dose of an ACE inhibitor is increased. Transient hypotension is not a contraindication to continue treatment with the drug after stabilization of blood pressure. In the case of a repeated marked decrease in blood pressure, the dose should be reduced or the drug should be discontinued.
With the development of an excessive decrease in blood pressure, the patient is moved to a horizontal position with a low headboard, if necessary, enter 0. 9% NaCl solution and plasma substituting drugs.
The use of high-flow dialysis membranes (including AN69) increases the risk of anaphylactic reaction. Correction of the dosing regimen on days free of dialysis should be carried out depending on blood pressure.
Before and during treatment with ACE inhibitors, it is necessary to control blood pressure, blood counts (Hb, K + concentration, creatinine, urea, liver enzyme activity), and protein in the urine.
Carefully monitor patients with decompensated heart failure, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease, in which a sharp decrease in blood pressure can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, or impaired renal function. Sudden withdrawal of treatment does not lead to withdrawal syndrome (a sharp increase in blood pressure).
Patients with a history of angioedema have a history of an increased risk of developing it when taking ACE inhibitors.
It is recommended to carefully monitor newborns and infants who have been exposed to intrauterine exposure to ACE inhibitors to timely detect a pronounced decrease in blood pressure, oliguria, hyperkalemia and neurological disorders, possibly due to a decrease in renal and cerebral blood flow with a decrease in blood pressure caused by ACE inhibitors. In oliguria, it is necessary to maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion by introducing appropriate fluids and vasoconstrictor drugs.
Patients with impaired renal function should be reduced one-time careful monitoring is recommended for the timely detection of a pronounced decrease in blood pressure, oliguria, hyperkalemia and neurological disorders, possible due to a decrease in renal and cerebral blood flow with a decrease in blood pressure caused by ACE inhibitors. In oliguria, it is necessary to maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion by introducing appropriate fluids and vasoconstrictor drugs.
Patients with impaired renal function should be reduced one-time careful monitoring is recommended for the timely detection of a pronounced decrease in blood pressure, oliguria, hyperkalemia and neurological disorders, possible due to a decrease in renal and cerebral blood flow with a decrease in blood pressure caused by ACE inhibitors. In oliguria, it is necessary to maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion by introducing appropriate fluids and vasoconstrictor drugs.
Patients with impaired renal function should be reduced one-timedose or increase the intervals between doses.
Enalapril should be discontinued before examining the functions of the parathyroid glands.
Caution should be exercised when performing exercise or in hot weather (risk of developing dehydration and an excessive decrease in blood pressure due to a decrease in bcc).
Before surgery (including dentistry), the surgeon / anesthetist should be advised of the use of ACE inhibitors.
During treatment, care must be taken when driving vehicles and engaging in other potentially hazardous activities that require an increased concentration of attention and speed of psychomotor reactions (dizziness is possible, especially after taking an initial dose of an ACE inhibitor in patients taking diuretic drugs).
Composition
enalapril 20 mg.
Dosage and administration
Inside, regardless of food intake.
In monotherapy of arterial hypertension – the initial dose of 5 mg 1 time per day. In the absence of effect, after 1-2 weeks, the dose is increased by 5 mg. After the initial dose, patients should be under medical supervision for 2 hours and an additional 1 hour until blood pressure stabilizes. If necessary and sufficiently good tolerance, the dose can be increased to 40 mg / day for 1-2 doses. After 2-3 weeks, they switch to a maintenance dose of 10-40 mg / day, divided into 1-2 doses. With moderate hypertension, the average daily dose is about 10 mg. The maximum daily dose of the drug is 40 mg.
In case of administration to patients receiving diuretics at the same time, treatment with a diuretic should be stopped 2-3 days before enalapril is prescribed. If this is not possible, then the initial dose of enalapril should be 2.5 mg / day.
For patients with hyponatremia (serum Na + concentration less than 130 mmol / L) or serum creatinine concentration more than 0.14 mmol / L, the initial dose is 2. 5 mg 1 time per day.
Renovascular hypertension: the initial dose is 2.5-5 mg / day. The maximum daily dose is 20 mg.
In severe arterial hypertension, iv administration is possible (see Enalaprilat), carried out only in a hospital setting.
In CHF, the initial dose is 2.5 mg once, then the dose is increased by 2.5-5 mg every 3-4 days in accordance with the clinical response to the maximum tolerated doses (depending on blood pressure), but not higher than 40 mg / day, once or in 2 divided doses. In patients with low systolic pressure (less than 110 mm Hg), therapy should be started with a dose of 1.25 mg. Dose selection should be carried out within 2-4 weeks or in a shorter time. The average maintenance dose is 5-20 mg / day for 1-2 doses.
In older people, a more pronounced hypotensive effect and a prolonged duration of the drug s action are more often observed, which is associated with a decrease in the excretion rate of enalapril, so the recommended initial dose for the elderly is 1.25 mg.
With asymptomatic dysfunction of the left ventricle – 2.5 mg 2 times a day. The dose is adjusted according to tolerance up to 20 mg / day, divided into 2 doses.
In chronic renal failure, cumulation occurs with a decrease in filtration of less than 10 ml / min. With CC 80-30 ml / min, the dose is usually 5-10 mg / day, CC 30-10 ml / min – 2.5-5 mg / day, less than 10 ml / min – 1.25-2.5 mg / day only on dialysis days.
The duration of treatment depends on the effectiveness of the therapy. With a too pronounced decrease in blood pressure, the dose of the drug is gradually reduced.
Side effects of
From the CCC side: excessive decrease in blood pressure, orthostatic collapse, rarely chest pain, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (usually associated with a marked decrease in blood pressure), arrhythmias (atrial brady or tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, cardiac fibrillation), pulmonary artery.
From the nervous system: dizziness, fainting, headache, weakness, insomnia, anxiety, confusion, increased fatigue, drowsiness (2-3%), very rarely when used in high doses – nervousness, depression, paresthesia.
On the part of the sensory organs: disorders of the vestibular apparatus, impaired hearing and vision, tinnitus.
From the digestive system: dry oral mucosa, decreased appetite, dyspeptic disorders (nausea, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain), intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, impaired liver and biliary function, hepatitis, jaundice.
From the respiratory system: unproductive dry cough, interstitial pneumonitis, bronchospasm, shortness of breath, rhinorrhea, pharyngitis.
Allergic reactions: skin rash, angioedema of the face, small intestine (very rare), limbs, lips, tongue, glottis and / or larynx, dysphonia, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme exudative (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome) , toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s syndrome), pemphigus (pemphigus), pruritus, urticaria, photosensitivity, serositis, vasculitis, myositis, arthralgia, arthritis, stomatitis, glossitis.
On the part of laboratory indicators: hypercreatininemia, increased urea concentration, increased activity of hepatic transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, decreased Hb and hematocrit, increased ESR, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis (in patients with autoimmune diseases), eosinophilia.
From the urinary system: impaired renal function, proteinuria.
Other: alopecia, decreased libido, flushing. Cases of hypoglycemia have been reported in patients with diabetes who took insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs.
Drug interaction
Strengthens the action of ethanol, slows down the excretion of Li +.
weakens the effects of drugs, containing theophylline.
Antihypertensive effect reduces NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, estrogens are enhanced by diuretics, other antihypertensive drugs (beta-blockers, methyldopa, nitrates, BMCC, hydralazine, prazosin), drugs for general anesthesia, ethanol.
Potassium-sparing diuretics and potassium-containing drugs increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
drugs that inhibit bone marrow increase the risk of neutropenia and / or agranulocytosis.
With the simultaneous use of ACE inhibitors and gold preparations for parenteral use (sodium aurothiomalate), a symptom complex has been described, including facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, and a decrease in blood pressure.
Concomitant use with insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs increases the risk of hypoglycemia.
Immunosuppressants, allopurinol, cytostatics enhance hematotoxicity.
Overdose
Symptoms: excessive decrease in blood pressure, up to the development of collapse, myocardial infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident or thromboembolic complications of convulsions, stupor.
Treatment: the patient is moved to a horizontal position with a low headboard. In mild cases, gastric lavage and ingestion of saline are indicated, in more serious cases, measures aimed at stabilizing blood pressure: iv administration of 0.9% NaCl solution, plasma substitutes, if necessary, iv administration of angiotensin II, hemodialysis (enalaprilat excretion rate – 62 ml / min).
Deystvuyuschee substances
enalapril
Conditions of dispatch from
pharmacies prescription
dosage form
tablets
Izvarino Pharma, Russia
